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الجيولوجيا

الغلاف الصخري |  Lithosphere

15 أكتوبر 2021

ما هو الغلاف الصخري؟

يقصد به الجزء الخارجي الصلب من الأرض، ويشمل القشرة والطبقة الخارجية من الوشاح العلوي، ويحده الغلاف الجوي من الأعلى، والغلاف المائع من الأسفل، ويتميز الغلاف الصخري بمرونة في بعض أجزائه؛ كما أنه ينقسم إلى صفائح تكتونية عددها 12 صفيحة تعد بمثابة ألواح ضخمة لطبقاته.

أنواع الغلاف الصخري

يتكون الغلاف الصخري لكوكب الأرض من قسمين هما:

• الغلاف القاري: يدعى القشرة القارية، وهو طبقة من الصخور البركانية في معظمه والصخور الرسوبية والنارية، يشكل القارات الخمس والرفوف القارية (أجزاء من البحر ملامسة لليابسة). وتعد الصخور الفلزية كالجرانيت من أغلب مكونات هذا الغلاف، وهو يغطي ما يقارب 40% من سطح الأرض، ويعتبر أقل كثافة من الغلاف المحيطي.
• الغلاف المحيطي: يدعى القشرة المحيطية، وتتكون من "صخر المافي" (Mafic Rock) الذي يدعى "المعدن القاتم"، وبعض المعادن كالحديد والمغنيزيوم. إضافةً إلى الستار (الحزام السطحي للغلاف المحيطي) الذي يحوي 90% من الغلاف فوق القشرة، ويعد الغلاف المحيطي أكثر كثافة من الغلاف القاري.

مفاهيم ذات صلة:

• البيئة.
• الطبيعة.

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